The evidence map
Every ADHD treatment that has been pooled across trials: 221 meta-analyses, one row each. The dot is the effect, the bar is the 95% confidence interval, the moon is how sure the evidence is. Almost everything covers about 12 weeks.
Data from Gosling CJ, Garcia-Argibay M, De Prisco M, et al. Benefits and harms of ADHD interventions: umbrella review and platform for shared decision making. BMJ 2025;391:e085875, doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-085875, published under CC BY 4.0. The authors' interactive platform is at ebiadhd-database.org.
Age group
Rated by
Follow up
78 rows shown. Most certain first, then largest benefit. Filters hide rows; they never change the scale.
- High
- Moderate
- Low
- Very low
- Not rated
- interval runs off the scale
Core ADHD symptoms
..
Methylphenidate10 rows
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.79 0.63 to 0.94High 8 trials, 852 people
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.76 0.56 to 0.97High 6 trials, 1038 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.34 0.26 to 0.43High 13 trials, 2944 people
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.83 0.63 to 1.03Moderate 5 trials, 437 people
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.50 0.39 to 0.61Moderate 18 trials, 3680 people
under 6 teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.66 0.22 to 1.11Very low 5 trials, 526 people
under 6 parent rated, about 12 weeks0.63 0.28 to 0.97Very low 5 trials, 623 people
children and teens parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.57 0.35 to 0.79Very low 2 trials, 322 people
adults clinician rated, 3 to 6 months0.34 0.16 to 0.52Very low 2 trials, 506 people
adults self rated, 3 to 6 months0.26 0.07 to 0.44Very low 2 trials, 498 people
Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)2 rows
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.64 0.48 to 0.79High 8 trials, 1497 people
adults mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.66 0.38 to 0.94Very low 2 trials, 235 people
Atomoxetine7 rows
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.37 0.27 to 0.47High 7 trials, 1734 people
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.53 0.42 to 0.64Moderate 17 trials, 2467 people
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.55 0.33 to 0.76Very low 11 trials, 2537 people
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.45 -0.06 to 0.95Very low 2 trials, 119 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.40 0.03 to 0.77Very low 8 trials, 1218 people
adults self rated, 3 to 6 months0.35 0.22 to 0.49Very low 2 trials, 872 people
adults clinician rated, 3 to 6 months0.33 0.08 to 0.59Very low 3 trials, 1006 people
Amphetamines5 rows
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks1.02 0.67 to 1.38Moderate 5 trials, 876 people
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.63 0.40 to 0.87Low 9 trials, 1857 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.57 0.28 to 0.86Low 7 trials, 1247 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.53 0.30 to 0.77Low 4 trials, 300 people
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.55 0.27 to 0.83Very low 5 trials, 745 people
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)6 rows
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.53 0.29 to 0.77Moderate 5 trials, 265 people
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.70 0.39 to 1.00Very low 3 trials, 167 people
adults self rated, over 6 months0.60 -0.10 to 1.29Very low 2 trials, 109 people
adults self rated, 3 to 6 months0.56 0.30 to 0.83Very low 5 trials, 413 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.37 0.15 to 0.58Very low 9 trials, 607 people
adults clinician rated, 3 to 6 months0.31 -0.06 to 0.68Very low 2 trials, 109 people
Viloxazine1 row
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.38 0.26 to 0.50Moderate 5 trials, 990 people
Modafinil4 rows
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.53 0.35 to 0.72Low 4 trials, 524 people
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.49 0.34 to 0.64Low 5 trials, 768 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.47 0.31 to 0.63Low 4 trials, 722 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.43 -0.55 to 1.42Very low 2 trials, 257 people
tDCS2 rows
adults mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.43 0.18 to 0.69Low 5 trials, 217 people
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks-0.22 -0.79 to 0.35Very low 2 trials, 60 people
Probiotics1 row
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.35 -0.11 to 0.81Low 5 trials, 220 people
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)1 row
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.22 -0.32 to 0.77Low 3 trials, 286 people
Neurofeedback6 rows
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.13 -0.01 to 0.28Low 10 trials, 587 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.59 0.06 to 1.12Very low 2 trials, 54 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.42 0.24 to 0.61Very low 19 trials, 1195 people
children and teens parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.30 -0.01 to 0.60Very low 4 trials, 314 people
children and teens parent rated, over 6 months0.17 -0.16 to 0.49Very low 2 trials, 121 people
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks-0.13 -0.45 to 0.19Very low 3 trials, 274 people
Cognitive training5 rows
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.11 -0.04 to 0.27Low 7 trials, 395 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.20 -0.04 to 0.43Very low 10 trials, 533 people
children and teens parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.13 -0.15 to 0.42Very low 5 trials, 273 people
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.12 -0.17 to 0.40Very low 2 trials, 111 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks-0.01 -0.33 to 0.31Very low 4 trials, 160 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids4 rows
children and teens parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.05 -0.10 to 0.20Low 15 trials, 963 people
children and teens teacher rated, 3 to 6 months-0.06 -0.24 to 0.12Low 6 trials, 498 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks-0.26 -0.56 to 0.04Very low 5 trials, 329 people
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks-0.37 -1.09 to 0.35Very low 4 trials, 185 people
Desipramine2 rows
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks1.43 0.86 to 2.00Very low 2 trials, 99 people
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.98 0.28 to 1.67Very low 2 trials, 89 people
Mindfulness4 rows
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks1.12 0.05 to 2.18Very low 3 trials, 210 people
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.93 0.42 to 1.43Very low 4 trials, 264 people
adults self rated, 3 to 6 months0.86 0.41 to 1.31Very low 2 trials, 162 people
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.17 -0.06 to 0.39Very low 4 trials, 257 people
Bupropion3 rows
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.80 0.25 to 1.35Very low 2 trials, 64 people
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.39 0.08 to 0.69Very low 2 trials, 202 people
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.31 -0.05 to 0.68Very low 2 trials, 124 people
Acupuncture1 row
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.79 0.48 to 1.10Very low 2 trials, 171 people
Diet (restricted/elimination)1 row
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.73 -0.07 to 1.52Very low 4 trials, 218 people
Parent-mediated behavioral interventions4 rows
under 6 parent rated, about 12 weeks0.63 0.25 to 1.02Very low 5 trials, 399 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.35 0.14 to 0.55Very low 16 trials, 1625 people
children and teens parent rated, over 6 months0.24 0.03 to 0.44Very low 4 trials, 571 people
under 6 parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.22 -0.28 to 0.71Very low 3 trials, 164 people
Dasotraline2 rows
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.63 0.20 to 1.06Very low 3 trials, 378 people
adults mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.19 0.01 to 0.37Very low 2 trials, 482 people
Zinc1 row
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.62 0.07 to 1.18Very low 6 trials, 489 people
Social skill training1 row
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.54 -0.92 to 2.00Very low 2 trials, 83 people
Physical training1 row
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.49 0.23 to 0.75Very low 9 trials, 302 people
Centafanadine1 row
adults mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.43 0.08 to 0.79Very low 2 trials, 444 people
Vitamin D1 row
children and teens mixed raters, about 12 weeks0.42 -0.21 to 1.05Very low 2 trials, 125 people
TMS-rTMS1 row
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.03 -0.50 to 0.55Very low 4 trials, 118 people
Homeopathy1 row
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks-0.05 -0.52 to 0.41Very low 2 trials, 63 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Executive function (questionnaires)
..
Amphetamines1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.66 0.51 to 0.80Very low 4 trials, 722 people
Methylphenidate1 row
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.65 -0.02 to 1.32Very low 5 trials, 1579 people
Cognitive training4 rows
children and teens parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.44 0.02 to 0.87Very low 2 trials, 82 people
children and teens 3 to 6 months0.16 -0.12 to 0.43Very low 3 trials, 195 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.10 -0.16 to 0.36Very low 5 trials, 238 people
children and teens about 12 weeks0.09 -0.18 to 0.36Very low 3 trials, 195 people
Neurofeedback2 rows
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.43 0.08 to 0.78Very low 3 trials, 126 people
children and teens about 12 weeks0.23 -0.08 to 0.54Very low 2 trials, 125 people
Atomoxetine1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.38 0.21 to 0.55Very low 2 trials, 535 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Executive function (tests)
..
Methylphenidate2 rows
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.15 0.03 to 0.28Moderate 15 trials, 973 people
adults about 12 weeks0.15 -0.30 to 0.60Very low 2 trials, 71 people
Cognitive training3 rows
children and teens about 12 weeks0.20 0.06 to 0.34Low 11 trials, 623 people
adults about 12 weeks0.41 -0.18 to 1.00Very low 4 trials, 141 people
children and teens 3 to 6 months0.20 0.01 to 0.38Very low 6 trials, 374 people
tDCS2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeks0.15 -0.04 to 0.34Low 11 trials, 370 people
adults about 12 weeks0.30 0.00 to 0.60Very low 3 trials, 156 people
Physical training1 row
children and teens clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.95 0.64 to 1.27Very low 16 trials, 445 people
Mindfulness2 rows
adults 3 to 6 months0.83 0.10 to 1.55Very low 2 trials, 162 people
adults about 12 weeks0.76 -0.30 to 1.83Very low 2 trials, 74 people
Neurofeedback3 rows
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.13 -0.31 to 0.56Very low 2 trials, 59 people
children and teens about 12 weeks0.04 -0.08 to 0.16Very low 17 trials, 920 people
children and teens 3 to 6 months0.03 -0.20 to 0.25Very low 3 trials, 279 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Emotional dysregulation
..
Atomoxetine1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.24 0.14 to 0.35High 5 trials, 2373 people
Methylphenidate1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.43 -0.01 to 0.88Very low 3 trials, 655 people
Amphetamines1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.34 0.12 to 0.57Very low 3 trials, 235 people
Mindfulness1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.13 -0.48 to 0.74Very low 2 trials, 103 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Quality of life
..
Atomoxetine2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeks0.33 0.19 to 0.48Moderate 6 trials, 1179 people
adults about 12 weeks-0.22 -0.38 to -0.07Very low 2 trials, 651 people
Methylphenidate2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeks0.61 0.42 to 0.80Low 3 trials, 514 people
adults about 12 weeks-0.09 -0.28 to 0.10Low 2 trials, 490 people
Amphetamines2 rows
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.52 0.33 to 0.72Very low 2 trials, 429 people
children and teens self rated, about 12 weeks0.48 -0.52 to 1.47Very low 2 trials, 521 people
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.26 -0.18 to 0.70Very low 2 trials, 77 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens 3 to 6 months-0.01 -0.31 to 0.28Very low 2 trials, 188 people
Mindfulness1 row
adults about 12 weeks-0.12 -0.39 to 0.15Very low 2 trials, 223 people
Cognitive training1 row
adults about 12 weeks-0.31 -0.83 to 0.21Very low 2 trials, 58 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Academic or job performance
..
Amphetamines1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.55 0.37 to 0.73Moderate 8 trials, 826 people
Organizational skills interventions1 row
children and teens teacher rated, about 12 weeks0.31 0.17 to 0.45Very low 11 trials, 929 people
Cognitive training2 rows
children and teens 3 to 6 months0.26 -0.08 to 0.59Very low 4 trials, 180 people
children and teens about 12 weeks0.20 -0.05 to 0.44Very low 4 trials, 237 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Depressive disorder symptoms
..
Bupropion1 row
adults about 12 weeks-0.16 -0.45 to 0.13Low 2 trials, 184 people
Mindfulness1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.48 0.02 to 0.95Very low 2 trials, 157 people
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)1 row
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.45 0.14 to 0.77Very low 5 trials, 187 people
Atomoxetine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.15 -0.04 to 0.35Very low 4 trials, 774 people
Amphetamines1 row
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks-0.16 -0.52 to 0.21Very low 2 trials, 110 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Generalized anxiety
..
Atomoxetine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.17 -0.13 to 0.47Low 3 trials, 498 people
Acupuncture1 row
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.04 -0.26 to 0.34Low 2 trials, 171 people
Bupropion1 row
adults about 12 weeks-0.11 -0.39 to 0.18Low 2 trials, 184 people
Mindfulness1 row
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.73 -0.30 to 1.75Very low 2 trials, 137 people
Methylphenidate1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.38 -0.22 to 0.98Very low 3 trials, 162 people
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)1 row
adults self rated, about 12 weeks0.35 0.05 to 0.64Very low 4 trials, 168 people
Amphetamines1 row
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks-0.13 -0.50 to 0.24Very low 2 trials, 110 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Oppositional symptoms (ODD)
..
Vitamin D1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.95 -0.22 to 2.13Very low 2 trials, 89 people
Parent-mediated behavioral interventions3 rows
children and teens parent rated, 3 to 6 months0.30 -0.02 to 0.62Very low 2 trials, 149 people
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.25 0.11 to 0.39Very low 13 trials, 1439 people
under 6 parent rated, about 12 weeks0.24 0.01 to 0.48Very low 3 trials, 305 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens 3 to 6 months-0.11 -0.29 to 0.08Very low 5 trials, 423 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Conduct disorder symptoms (CD)
..
Parent-mediated behavioral interventions2 rows
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.16 0.06 to 0.27Low 12 trials, 1428 people
under 6 parent rated, about 12 weeks0.24 -0.10 to 0.58Very low 3 trials, 315 people
Acupuncture1 row
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.66 0.36 to 0.97Very low 2 trials, 171 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens 3 to 6 months-0.11 -0.32 to 0.10Very low 5 trials, 332 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Clinician global impression
..
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)1 row
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks1.15 0.31 to 1.98Very low 5 trials, 260 people
Amphetamines2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeks0.87 0.01 to 1.73Very low 2 trials, 86 people
adults about 12 weeks0.85 0.59 to 1.11Very low 3 trials, 341 people
Methylphenidate1 row
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.70 -0.13 to 1.53Very low 2 trials, 139 people
Dasotraline1 row
adults about 12 weeks0.23 0.00 to 0.47Very low 2 trials, 482 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Social-communication skills
..
Physical training1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.49 -0.41 to 1.40Very low 4 trials, 90 people
Social skill training2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeks0.25 0.02 to 0.48Very low 5 trials, 270 people
children and teens 3 to 6 months0.12 -0.31 to 0.55Very low 2 trials, 73 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens 3 to 6 months-0.10 -0.41 to 0.22Very low 2 trials, 145 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Driving
..
Methylphenidate1 row
adults clinician rated, about 12 weeks0.53 -0.07 to 1.13Very low 3 trials, 154 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Acceptability (dropping out for any reason)
..
Atomoxetine2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.00 0.77 to 1.30High 13 trials, 1831 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.82 0.74 to 0.90Moderate 14 trials, 3292 people
Methylphenidate3 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.58 1.35 to 1.85High 21 trials, 2947 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.00 0.82 to 1.22Very low 20 trials, 3925 people
under 6 about 12 weeksRR 2.89 1.55 to 5.38Very low 2 trials, 216 people
Amphetamines2 rows
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.19 0.95 to 1.49Moderate 10 trials, 1957 people
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.23 0.86 to 1.76Moderate 7 trials, 1343 people
Viloxazine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.76 0.54 to 1.08Low 5 trials, 990 people
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.90 0.55 to 1.47Low 3 trials, 368 people
Probiotics1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.93 0.50 to 1.70Low 4 trials, 224 people
Parent-mediated behavioral interventions1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.01 0.63 to 1.61Low 12 trials, 1123 people
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.11 0.75 to 1.64Low 10 trials, 867 people
Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.37 1.05 to 1.78Low 11 trials, 1456 people
Mindfulness1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.24 0.03 to 1.91Very low 4 trials, 301 people
tDCS1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.34 0.10 to 1.22Very low 3 trials, 103 people
Cognitive training2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.61 0.37 to 1.01Very low 8 trials, 535 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.30 0.64 to 2.62Very low 3 trials, 189 people
TMS-rTMS1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.61 0.30 to 1.25Very low 4 trials, 141 people
Risperidone1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.66 0.38 to 1.16Very low 2 trials, 193 people
Bupropion2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.68 0.19 to 2.52Very low 2 trials, 139 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.97 0.21 to 4.45Very low 2 trials, 99 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.90 0.66 to 1.23Very low 8 trials, 603 people
Diet (restricted/elimination)1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.94 0.55 to 1.62Very low 4 trials, 273 people
Zinc1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.96 0.80 to 1.16Very low 4 trials, 536 people
Physical training1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.10 0.58 to 2.08Very low 6 trials, 232 people
Desipramine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.22 0.30 to 4.99Very low 2 trials, 114 people
Carnitine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.24 0.76 to 2.02Very low 4 trials, 247 people
Modafinil1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.30 1.01 to 1.67Very low 6 trials, 809 people
Multimodal behavioral interventions1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.39 0.55 to 3.54Very low 5 trials, 584 people
Homeopathy1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.45 0.73 to 2.87Very low 2 trials, 104 people
Neurofeedback1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.49 0.88 to 2.53Very low 7 trials, 333 people
Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 2.42 1.38 to 4.25Very low 2 trials, 127 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Tolerability (dropping out for side effects)
..
Amphetamines2 rows
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.40 0.22 to 0.72High 11 trials, 1995 people
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.46 0.22 to 0.96Moderate 7 trials, 1343 people
Atomoxetine2 rows
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.45 0.35 to 0.58High 14 trials, 3292 people
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.54 0.27 to 1.08High 12 trials, 1799 people
Methylphenidate2 rows
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.50 0.36 to 0.69High 21 trials, 4389 people
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.64 0.36 to 1.12High 20 trials, 2878 people
Modafinil1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.79 0.36 to 1.75Moderate 6 trials, 809 people
Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.28 0.13 to 0.63Very low 8 trials, 1287 people
tDCS1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.35 0.06 to 2.08Very low 2 trials, 81 people
Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.35 0.04 to 3.27Very low 2 trials, 127 people
Bupropion2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.35 0.04 to 2.95Very low 2 trials, 139 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.26 0.08 to 19.59Very low 2 trials, 99 people
Diet (restricted/elimination)1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.37 0.04 to 3.43Very low 2 trials, 127 people
Viloxazine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.43 0.19 to 1.00Very low 5 trials, 990 people
Zinc1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.70 0.39 to 1.23Very low 2 trials, 456 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.89 0.31 to 2.55Very low 7 trials, 584 people
TMS-rTMS1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.07 0.26 to 4.35Very low 3 trials, 115 people
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)1 row
adults about 12 weeksRR 1.07 0.11 to 10.07Very low 3 trials, 184 people
Desipramine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.42 0.10 to 20.48Very low 2 trials, 114 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Side effect: sleep problems
..
Viloxazine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.27 0.16 to 0.46Moderate 5 trials, 990 people
Amphetamines1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.28 0.17 to 0.46Low 10 trials, 2429 people
Dasotraline2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.22 0.09 to 0.51Very low 3 trials, 380 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.33 0.22 to 0.50Very low 2 trials, 492 people
Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.30 0.17 to 0.53Very low 6 trials, 1704 people
Methylphenidate2 rows
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.51 0.39 to 0.67Very low 16 trials, 4435 people
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.53 0.40 to 0.72Very low 37 trials, 5499 people
Polyunsaturated fatty acids1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 3.04 0.29 to 31.55Very low 2 trials, 122 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Side effect: less appetite
..
Amphetamines1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.19 0.10 to 0.33Low 11 trials, 2467 people
Methylphenidate2 rows
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.26 0.19 to 0.36Low 41 trials, 6091 people
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.25 0.20 to 0.30Very low 16 trials, 4491 people
Viloxazine1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.18 0.06 to 0.58Very low 3 trials, 606 people
Dasotraline2 rows
adults about 12 weeksRR 0.26 0.12 to 0.53Very low 2 trials, 492 people
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 0.31 0.13 to 0.73Very low 3 trials, 380 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Conduct or oppositional symptoms
..
Homeopathy1 row
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.02 -0.44 to 0.48Very low 2 trials, 63 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Disruptive behaviors
..
Amphetamines1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks1.05 0.65 to 1.45Very low 3 trials, 130 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Executive function (mixed)
..
Mindfulness1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.44 -0.08 to 0.97Very low 3 trials, 187 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Learning disorder symptoms
..
Acupuncture1 row
children and teens parent rated, about 12 weeks0.63 0.32 to 0.93Very low 2 trials, 171 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Suicidal thoughts or behaviour
..
Methylphenidate1 row
children and teens about 12 weeksRR 1.10 0.25 to 4.96Moderate 6 trials, 1032 people
No comparisons match these filters.
Tic or Tourette symptoms
..
Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine)1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.77 0.52 to 1.02Low 4 trials, 297 people
Methylphenidate1 row
children and teens about 12 weeks0.12 -0.39 to 0.62Low 3 trials, 217 people
No comparisons match these filters.
All 221 comparisons
Every row as the review reports it. Where an item on the list rests on a row, it is linked in the last column.
| Intervention | Outcome | Age group | Rated by | Follow up | Measure | Value | 95% CI | Certainty | Trials | People | On the list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.79 | 0.63 to 0.94 | High | 8 | 852 | |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.76 | 0.56 to 0.97 | High | 6 | 1038 | Discuss methylphenidate for your child |
| Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.64 | 0.48 to 0.79 | High | 8 | 1497 | Ask about alpha-2 nonstimulant options |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.37 | 0.27 to 0.47 | High | 7 | 1734 | Ask about atomoxetine as an adult |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.34 | 0.26 to 0.43 | High | 13 | 2944 | Discuss methylphenidate as an adult |
| Amphetamines | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 1.02 | 0.67 to 1.38 | Moderate | 5 | 876 | Ask about amphetamine alternatives |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.83 | 0.63 to 1.03 | Moderate | 5 | 437 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.53 | 0.29 to 0.77 | Moderate | 5 | 265 | Ask about CBT adapted for adult ADHD |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.53 | 0.42 to 0.64 | Moderate | 17 | 2467 | |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.50 | 0.39 to 0.61 | Moderate | 18 | 3680 | |
| Viloxazine | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.38 | 0.26 to 0.50 | Moderate | 5 | 990 | |
| Amphetamines | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.63 | 0.40 to 0.87 | Low | 9 | 1857 | |
| Amphetamines | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.57 | 0.28 to 0.86 | Low | 7 | 1247 | |
| Amphetamines | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.53 | 0.30 to 0.77 | Low | 4 | 300 | |
| Modafinil | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.53 | 0.35 to 0.72 | Low | 4 | 524 | |
| Modafinil | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.49 | 0.34 to 0.64 | Low | 5 | 768 | |
| Modafinil | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.47 | 0.31 to 0.63 | Low | 4 | 722 | |
| tDCS | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.43 | 0.18 to 0.69 | Low | 5 | 217 | |
| Probiotics | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.35 | -0.11 to 0.81 | Low | 5 | 220 | |
| Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.22 | -0.32 to 0.77 | Low | 3 | 286 | |
| Neurofeedback | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.13 | -0.01 to 0.28 | Low | 10 | 587 | |
| Cognitive training | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.11 | -0.04 to 0.27 | Low | 7 | 395 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.05 | -0.10 to 0.20 | Low | 15 | 963 | Check omega 3 claims before buying |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | -0.06 | -0.24 to 0.12 | Low | 6 | 498 | |
| Desipramine | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 1.43 | 0.86 to 2.00 | Very low | 2 | 99 | |
| Mindfulness | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 1.12 | 0.05 to 2.18 | Very low | 3 | 210 | |
| Desipramine | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.98 | 0.28 to 1.67 | Very low | 2 | 89 | |
| Mindfulness | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.93 | 0.42 to 1.43 | Very low | 4 | 264 | Try mindfulness gently |
| Mindfulness | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.86 | 0.41 to 1.31 | Very low | 2 | 162 | |
| Bupropion | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.80 | 0.25 to 1.35 | Very low | 2 | 64 | |
| Acupuncture | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.79 | 0.48 to 1.10 | Very low | 2 | 171 | |
| Diet (restricted/elimination) | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.73 | -0.07 to 1.52 | Very low | 4 | 218 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.70 | 0.39 to 1.00 | Very low | 3 | 167 | |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | under 6 | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.66 | 0.22 to 1.11 | Very low | 5 | 526 | |
| Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.66 | 0.38 to 0.94 | Very low | 2 | 235 | |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Core ADHD symptoms | under 6 | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.63 | 0.25 to 1.02 | Very low | 5 | 399 | Ask about parent behaviour training |
| Dasotraline | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.63 | 0.20 to 1.06 | Very low | 3 | 378 | |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | under 6 | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.63 | 0.28 to 0.97 | Very low | 5 | 623 | |
| Zinc | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.62 | 0.07 to 1.18 | Very low | 6 | 489 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | over 6 months | SMD | 0.60 | -0.10 to 1.29 | Very low | 2 | 109 | |
| Neurofeedback | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.59 | 0.06 to 1.12 | Very low | 2 | 54 | |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.57 | 0.35 to 0.79 | Very low | 2 | 322 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.56 | 0.30 to 0.83 | Very low | 5 | 413 | |
| Amphetamines | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.55 | 0.27 to 0.83 | Very low | 5 | 745 | |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.55 | 0.33 to 0.76 | Very low | 11 | 2537 | |
| Social skill training | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.54 | -0.92 to 2.00 | Very low | 2 | 83 | |
| Physical training | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.49 | 0.23 to 0.75 | Very low | 9 | 302 | Help your child find active fun |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.45 | -0.06 to 0.95 | Very low | 2 | 119 | |
| Centafanadine | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.43 | 0.08 to 0.79 | Very low | 2 | 444 | |
| Modafinil | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.43 | -0.55 to 1.42 | Very low | 2 | 257 | |
| Neurofeedback | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.42 | 0.24 to 0.61 | Very low | 19 | 1195 | |
| Vitamin D | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.42 | -0.21 to 1.05 | Very low | 2 | 125 | |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.40 | 0.03 to 0.77 | Very low | 8 | 1218 | |
| Bupropion | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.39 | 0.08 to 0.69 | Very low | 2 | 202 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.37 | 0.15 to 0.58 | Very low | 9 | 607 | |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.35 | 0.22 to 0.49 | Very low | 2 | 872 | |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.35 | 0.14 to 0.55 | Very low | 16 | 1625 | Praise a specific effort |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.34 | 0.16 to 0.52 | Very low | 2 | 506 | |
| Atomoxetine | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.33 | 0.08 to 0.59 | Very low | 3 | 1006 | |
| Bupropion | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.31 | -0.05 to 0.68 | Very low | 2 | 124 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | clinician rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.31 | -0.06 to 0.68 | Very low | 2 | 109 | |
| Neurofeedback | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.30 | -0.01 to 0.60 | Very low | 4 | 314 | |
| Methylphenidate | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.26 | 0.07 to 0.44 | Very low | 2 | 498 | |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | over 6 months | SMD | 0.24 | 0.03 to 0.44 | Very low | 4 | 571 | |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Core ADHD symptoms | under 6 | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.22 | -0.28 to 0.71 | Very low | 3 | 164 | |
| Cognitive training | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.20 | -0.04 to 0.43 | Very low | 10 | 533 | |
| Dasotraline | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.19 | 0.01 to 0.37 | Very low | 2 | 482 | |
| Mindfulness | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.17 | -0.06 to 0.39 | Very low | 4 | 257 | |
| Neurofeedback | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | over 6 months | SMD | 0.17 | -0.16 to 0.49 | Very low | 2 | 121 | |
| Cognitive training | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.13 | -0.15 to 0.42 | Very low | 5 | 273 | |
| Cognitive training | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.12 | -0.17 to 0.40 | Very low | 2 | 111 | |
| TMS-rTMS | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.03 | -0.50 to 0.55 | Very low | 4 | 118 | |
| Cognitive training | Core ADHD symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.01 | -0.33 to 0.31 | Very low | 4 | 160 | |
| Homeopathy | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.05 | -0.52 to 0.41 | Very low | 2 | 63 | |
| Neurofeedback | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.13 | -0.45 to 0.19 | Very low | 3 | 274 | |
| tDCS | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | mixed raters | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.22 | -0.79 to 0.35 | Very low | 2 | 60 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.26 | -0.56 to 0.04 | Very low | 5 | 329 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Core ADHD symptoms | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.37 | -1.09 to 0.35 | Very low | 4 | 185 | |
| Amphetamines | Executive function (questionnaires) | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.66 | 0.51 to 0.80 | Very low | 4 | 722 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Executive function (questionnaires) | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.65 | -0.02 to 1.32 | Very low | 5 | 1579 | |
| Cognitive training | Executive function (questionnaires) | children and teens | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.44 | 0.02 to 0.87 | Very low | 2 | 82 | |
| Neurofeedback | Executive function (questionnaires) | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.43 | 0.08 to 0.78 | Very low | 3 | 126 | |
| Atomoxetine | Executive function (questionnaires) | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.38 | 0.21 to 0.55 | Very low | 2 | 535 | ||
| Neurofeedback | Executive function (questionnaires) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.23 | -0.08 to 0.54 | Very low | 2 | 125 | ||
| Cognitive training | Executive function (questionnaires) | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.16 | -0.12 to 0.43 | Very low | 3 | 195 | ||
| Cognitive training | Executive function (questionnaires) | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.10 | -0.16 to 0.36 | Very low | 5 | 238 | |
| Cognitive training | Executive function (questionnaires) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.09 | -0.18 to 0.36 | Very low | 3 | 195 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Executive function (tests) | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.15 | 0.03 to 0.28 | Moderate | 15 | 973 | |
| Cognitive training | Executive function (tests) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.20 | 0.06 to 0.34 | Low | 11 | 623 | ||
| tDCS | Executive function (tests) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.15 | -0.04 to 0.34 | Low | 11 | 370 | ||
| Physical training | Executive function (tests) | children and teens | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.95 | 0.64 to 1.27 | Very low | 16 | 445 | |
| Mindfulness | Executive function (tests) | adults | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.83 | 0.10 to 1.55 | Very low | 2 | 162 | ||
| Mindfulness | Executive function (tests) | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.76 | -0.30 to 1.83 | Very low | 2 | 74 | ||
| Cognitive training | Executive function (tests) | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.41 | -0.18 to 1.00 | Very low | 4 | 141 | ||
| tDCS | Executive function (tests) | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.30 | 0.00 to 0.60 | Very low | 3 | 156 | ||
| Cognitive training | Executive function (tests) | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.20 | 0.01 to 0.38 | Very low | 6 | 374 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Executive function (tests) | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.15 | -0.30 to 0.60 | Very low | 2 | 71 | ||
| Neurofeedback | Executive function (tests) | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.13 | -0.31 to 0.56 | Very low | 2 | 59 | |
| Neurofeedback | Executive function (tests) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.04 | -0.08 to 0.16 | Very low | 17 | 920 | ||
| Neurofeedback | Executive function (tests) | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.03 | -0.20 to 0.25 | Very low | 3 | 279 | ||
| Atomoxetine | Emotional dysregulation | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.24 | 0.14 to 0.35 | High | 5 | 2373 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Emotional dysregulation | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.43 | -0.01 to 0.88 | Very low | 3 | 655 | ||
| Amphetamines | Emotional dysregulation | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.34 | 0.12 to 0.57 | Very low | 3 | 235 | ||
| Mindfulness | Emotional dysregulation | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.13 | -0.48 to 0.74 | Very low | 2 | 103 | ||
| Atomoxetine | Quality of life | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.33 | 0.19 to 0.48 | Moderate | 6 | 1179 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Quality of life | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.61 | 0.42 to 0.80 | Low | 3 | 514 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Quality of life | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.09 | -0.28 to 0.10 | Low | 2 | 490 | ||
| Amphetamines | Quality of life | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.52 | 0.33 to 0.72 | Very low | 2 | 429 | |
| Amphetamines | Quality of life | children and teens | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.48 | -0.52 to 1.47 | Very low | 2 | 521 | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Quality of life | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.26 | -0.18 to 0.70 | Very low | 2 | 77 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Quality of life | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | -0.01 | -0.31 to 0.28 | Very low | 2 | 188 | ||
| Mindfulness | Quality of life | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.12 | -0.39 to 0.15 | Very low | 2 | 223 | ||
| Atomoxetine | Quality of life | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.22 | -0.38 to -0.07 | Very low | 2 | 651 | ||
| Cognitive training | Quality of life | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.31 | -0.83 to 0.21 | Very low | 2 | 58 | ||
| Amphetamines | Academic or job performance | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.55 | 0.37 to 0.73 | Moderate | 8 | 826 | ||
| Organizational skills interventions | Academic or job performance | children and teens | teacher rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.31 | 0.17 to 0.45 | Very low | 11 | 929 | Ask for organisational skills training Build a homework packing routine |
| Cognitive training | Academic or job performance | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.26 | -0.08 to 0.59 | Very low | 4 | 180 | ||
| Cognitive training | Academic or job performance | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.20 | -0.05 to 0.44 | Very low | 4 | 237 | ||
| Bupropion | Depressive disorder symptoms | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.16 | -0.45 to 0.13 | Low | 2 | 184 | ||
| Mindfulness | Depressive disorder symptoms | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.48 | 0.02 to 0.95 | Very low | 2 | 157 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Depressive disorder symptoms | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.45 | 0.14 to 0.77 | Very low | 5 | 187 | |
| Atomoxetine | Depressive disorder symptoms | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.15 | -0.04 to 0.35 | Very low | 4 | 774 | ||
| Amphetamines | Depressive disorder symptoms | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.16 | -0.52 to 0.21 | Very low | 2 | 110 | |
| Atomoxetine | Generalized anxiety | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.17 | -0.13 to 0.47 | Low | 3 | 498 | ||
| Acupuncture | Generalized anxiety | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.04 | -0.26 to 0.34 | Low | 2 | 171 | |
| Bupropion | Generalized anxiety | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.11 | -0.39 to 0.18 | Low | 2 | 184 | ||
| Mindfulness | Generalized anxiety | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.73 | -0.30 to 1.75 | Very low | 2 | 137 | |
| Methylphenidate | Generalized anxiety | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.38 | -0.22 to 0.98 | Very low | 3 | 162 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Generalized anxiety | adults | self rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.35 | 0.05 to 0.64 | Very low | 4 | 168 | |
| Amphetamines | Generalized anxiety | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | -0.13 | -0.50 to 0.24 | Very low | 2 | 110 | |
| Vitamin D | Oppositional symptoms (ODD) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.95 | -0.22 to 2.13 | Very low | 2 | 89 | ||
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Oppositional symptoms (ODD) | children and teens | parent rated | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.30 | -0.02 to 0.62 | Very low | 2 | 149 | |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Oppositional symptoms (ODD) | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.25 | 0.11 to 0.39 | Very low | 13 | 1439 | Keep boundaries clear and calm |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Oppositional symptoms (ODD) | under 6 | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.24 | 0.01 to 0.48 | Very low | 3 | 305 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Oppositional symptoms (ODD) | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | -0.11 | -0.29 to 0.08 | Very low | 5 | 423 | ||
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.16 | 0.06 to 0.27 | Low | 12 | 1428 | |
| Acupuncture | Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.66 | 0.36 to 0.97 | Very low | 2 | 171 | |
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) | under 6 | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.24 | -0.10 to 0.58 | Very low | 3 | 315 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Conduct disorder symptoms (CD) | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | -0.11 | -0.32 to 0.10 | Very low | 5 | 332 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Clinician global impression | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 1.15 | 0.31 to 1.98 | Very low | 5 | 260 | |
| Amphetamines | Clinician global impression | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.87 | 0.01 to 1.73 | Very low | 2 | 86 | ||
| Amphetamines | Clinician global impression | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.85 | 0.59 to 1.11 | Very low | 3 | 341 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Clinician global impression | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.70 | -0.13 to 1.53 | Very low | 2 | 139 | |
| Dasotraline | Clinician global impression | adults | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.23 | 0.00 to 0.47 | Very low | 2 | 482 | ||
| Physical training | Social-communication skills | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.49 | -0.41 to 1.40 | Very low | 4 | 90 | ||
| Social skill training | Social-communication skills | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.25 | 0.02 to 0.48 | Very low | 5 | 270 | Practise friendship without pressure | |
| Social skill training | Social-communication skills | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | 0.12 | -0.31 to 0.55 | Very low | 2 | 73 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Social-communication skills | children and teens | 3 to 6 months | SMD | -0.10 | -0.41 to 0.22 | Very low | 2 | 145 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Driving | adults | clinician rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.53 | -0.07 to 1.13 | Very low | 3 | 154 | Discuss treatment and driving safety |
| Atomoxetine | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.00 | 0.77 to 1.30 | High | 13 | 1831 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.58 | 1.35 to 1.85 | High | 21 | 2947 | ||
| Atomoxetine | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.82 | 0.74 to 0.90 | Moderate | 14 | 3292 | ||
| Amphetamines | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.19 | 0.95 to 1.49 | Moderate | 10 | 1957 | ||
| Amphetamines | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.23 | 0.86 to 1.76 | Moderate | 7 | 1343 | ||
| Viloxazine | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.76 | 0.54 to 1.08 | Low | 5 | 990 | ||
| Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.90 | 0.55 to 1.47 | Low | 3 | 368 | ||
| Probiotics | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.93 | 0.50 to 1.70 | Low | 4 | 224 | ||
| Parent-mediated behavioral interventions | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.01 | 0.63 to 1.61 | Low | 12 | 1123 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.11 | 0.75 to 1.64 | Low | 10 | 867 | ||
| Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.37 | 1.05 to 1.78 | Low | 11 | 1456 | ||
| Mindfulness | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.24 | 0.03 to 1.91 | Very low | 4 | 301 | ||
| tDCS | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.34 | 0.10 to 1.22 | Very low | 3 | 103 | ||
| Cognitive training | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.61 | 0.37 to 1.01 | Very low | 8 | 535 | ||
| TMS-rTMS | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.61 | 0.30 to 1.25 | Very low | 4 | 141 | ||
| Risperidone | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.66 | 0.38 to 1.16 | Very low | 2 | 193 | ||
| Bupropion | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.68 | 0.19 to 2.52 | Very low | 2 | 139 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.90 | 0.66 to 1.23 | Very low | 8 | 603 | ||
| Diet (restricted/elimination) | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.94 | 0.55 to 1.62 | Very low | 4 | 273 | ||
| Zinc | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.96 | 0.80 to 1.16 | Very low | 4 | 536 | ||
| Bupropion | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.97 | 0.21 to 4.45 | Very low | 2 | 99 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.00 | 0.82 to 1.22 | Very low | 20 | 3925 | ||
| Physical training | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.10 | 0.58 to 2.08 | Very low | 6 | 232 | ||
| Desipramine | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.22 | 0.30 to 4.99 | Very low | 2 | 114 | ||
| Carnitine | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.24 | 0.76 to 2.02 | Very low | 4 | 247 | ||
| Cognitive training | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.30 | 0.64 to 2.62 | Very low | 3 | 189 | ||
| Modafinil | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.30 | 1.01 to 1.67 | Very low | 6 | 809 | ||
| Multimodal behavioral interventions | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.39 | 0.55 to 3.54 | Very low | 5 | 584 | ||
| Homeopathy | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.45 | 0.73 to 2.87 | Very low | 2 | 104 | ||
| Neurofeedback | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.49 | 0.88 to 2.53 | Very low | 7 | 333 | ||
| Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 2.42 | 1.38 to 4.25 | Very low | 2 | 127 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Acceptability (dropping out for any reason) | under 6 | about 12 weeks | RR | 2.89 | 1.55 to 5.38 | Very low | 2 | 216 | ||
| Amphetamines | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.40 | 0.22 to 0.72 | High | 11 | 1995 | ||
| Atomoxetine | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.45 | 0.35 to 0.58 | High | 14 | 3292 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.50 | 0.36 to 0.69 | High | 21 | 4389 | ||
| Atomoxetine | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.54 | 0.27 to 1.08 | High | 12 | 1799 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.64 | 0.36 to 1.12 | High | 20 | 2878 | ||
| Amphetamines | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.46 | 0.22 to 0.96 | Moderate | 7 | 1343 | ||
| Modafinil | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.79 | 0.36 to 1.75 | Moderate | 6 | 809 | ||
| Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.28 | 0.13 to 0.63 | Very low | 8 | 1287 | ||
| tDCS | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.35 | 0.06 to 2.08 | Very low | 2 | 81 | ||
| Methylphenidate + Alpha-2 agonists | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.35 | 0.04 to 3.27 | Very low | 2 | 127 | ||
| Bupropion | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.35 | 0.04 to 2.95 | Very low | 2 | 139 | ||
| Diet (restricted/elimination) | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.37 | 0.04 to 3.43 | Very low | 2 | 127 | ||
| Viloxazine | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.43 | 0.19 to 1.00 | Very low | 5 | 990 | ||
| Zinc | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.70 | 0.39 to 1.23 | Very low | 2 | 456 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.89 | 0.31 to 2.55 | Very low | 7 | 584 | ||
| TMS-rTMS | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.07 | 0.26 to 4.35 | Very low | 3 | 115 | ||
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.07 | 0.11 to 10.07 | Very low | 3 | 184 | ||
| Bupropion | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.26 | 0.08 to 19.59 | Very low | 2 | 99 | ||
| Desipramine | Tolerability (dropping out for side effects) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.42 | 0.10 to 20.48 | Very low | 2 | 114 | ||
| Viloxazine | Side effect: sleep problems | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.27 | 0.16 to 0.46 | Moderate | 5 | 990 | ||
| Amphetamines | Side effect: sleep problems | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.28 | 0.17 to 0.46 | Low | 10 | 2429 | ||
| Dasotraline | Side effect: sleep problems | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.22 | 0.09 to 0.51 | Very low | 3 | 380 | ||
| Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) | Side effect: sleep problems | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.30 | 0.17 to 0.53 | Very low | 6 | 1704 | ||
| Dasotraline | Side effect: sleep problems | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.33 | 0.22 to 0.50 | Very low | 2 | 492 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Side effect: sleep problems | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.51 | 0.39 to 0.67 | Very low | 16 | 4435 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Side effect: sleep problems | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.53 | 0.40 to 0.72 | Very low | 37 | 5499 | ||
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Side effect: sleep problems | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 3.04 | 0.29 to 31.55 | Very low | 2 | 122 | ||
| Amphetamines | Side effect: less appetite | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.19 | 0.10 to 0.33 | Low | 11 | 2467 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Side effect: less appetite | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.26 | 0.19 to 0.36 | Low | 41 | 6091 | ||
| Viloxazine | Side effect: less appetite | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.18 | 0.06 to 0.58 | Very low | 3 | 606 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Side effect: less appetite | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.25 | 0.20 to 0.30 | Very low | 16 | 4491 | ||
| Dasotraline | Side effect: less appetite | adults | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.26 | 0.12 to 0.53 | Very low | 2 | 492 | ||
| Dasotraline | Side effect: less appetite | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 0.31 | 0.13 to 0.73 | Very low | 3 | 380 | ||
| Homeopathy | Conduct or oppositional symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.02 | -0.44 to 0.48 | Very low | 2 | 63 | |
| Amphetamines | Disruptive behaviors | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 1.05 | 0.65 to 1.45 | Very low | 3 | 130 | ||
| Mindfulness | Executive function (mixed) | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.44 | -0.08 to 0.97 | Very low | 3 | 187 | ||
| Acupuncture | Learning disorder symptoms | children and teens | parent rated | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.63 | 0.32 to 0.93 | Very low | 2 | 171 | |
| Methylphenidate | Suicidal thoughts or behaviour | children and teens | about 12 weeks | RR | 1.10 | 0.25 to 4.96 | Moderate | 6 | 1032 | ||
| Alpha-2 agonists (guanfacine / clonidine) | Tic or Tourette symptoms | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.77 | 0.52 to 1.02 | Low | 4 | 297 | ||
| Methylphenidate | Tic or Tourette symptoms | children and teens | about 12 weeks | SMD | 0.12 | -0.39 to 0.62 | Low | 3 | 217 |
How to read it
Most rows are a standardised mean difference (SMD): how far the treated group moved compared with the control, in standard deviations. 0 is no difference. Around 0.2 is small, 0.5 medium, 0.8 large. Positive favours the treatment. The dot is the estimate, the line its 95% confidence interval: if the line crosses 0, the trials cannot rule out no effect.
Acceptability and tolerability rows are a risk ratio (RR), drawn on a log scale, where 1 means no difference. The direction is as reported by the review.
The moon is GRADE certainty as rated by the review authors. A full moon means more trials are unlikely to change the number; a crescent means they very well might. Nothing is hidden by a filter; the scale never changes between rows, so a long bar is a wide interval, not a zoom.
The pattern is the point: few things have strong evidence, many popular things have weak evidence, and nothing has strong long-term evidence.
Changes: the numbers are copied as published; this page only regroups them, labels them in plain English and links the items on the list that rest on them.
General information about ADHD, not a diagnosis or an individual treatment plan. Tailoring changes the order of suggestions; it does not assess you. Medication decisions belong with you and a qualified clinician.